Consonants with nukta (pairī̃ bindi, or "dot at the foot")

There are six consonants created by placing a dot (bindi) at the foot (pair) of the consonant. These should be entered as follows:

Subscript letters (pairī̃ akkhar, or "letters at the foot")

Some Punjabi words require consonants to be written in a conjunct form, which takes the shape of a subscript to the main letter. The second consonant is written under the first as a subscript. There are only three commonly used subjoined letters. The subscript ਰ(r) and ਵ(v) are used to make consonant clusters and behave similarly; subjoined ਹ(h) raises tone. There is also a half-form of the letter ਯ(y) used exclusively for Sanskrit borrowings, which is referred to as yakash, . Udaat ੑ is used in older texts to indicate a high tone.

When following the ITRANS transliteration scheme, the subscript letters are formed automatically. e.g. typing pr will output ਪ੍ਰ.

Vowels and Vowel Signs

In Punjabi, independent vowels are represented by dependent vowels carried by the first three letters of the Gurmukhi alphabet.

In the following table, independent vowels, dependent vowel signs and vowel signs combined with the consonant `k` are shown in ITRANS transliteration scheme and in Gurmukhi script. The second row shows Vowels in their independent form and the third row shows their corresponding dependent form (maatraa or vowel sign). If there is a need to type ONLY the vowel signs, it can be done using `@` instead of a consonant. e.g. @A will output ਾ, @ai will output ੈ.

The fourth row shows the vowel sign combined with the consonant `k` in ITRANS and the fifth in Gurmukhi script. `ka` is without any added vowel sign, where the vowel `a` is inherent.

The consonantal diacritics follow the vowel signs including the implicit ’a’. The following table shows consonant ’k’ followed by various dependent vowel signs and consonantal diacritics.

Punctuation

Numbers

1. Press the number keys to type Gurmukhi digits. for example 9 produces ੯.
2. For typing the Arabic digits, press the number keys and then the backspace key, for example 9 Back space produces 9.

Special Symbols

Note: Gurmukhi script related information is taken from the following web pages:

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurmukhi
• http://www.discoversikhism.com/punjabi/punjabi_gurmukhi_alphabet.html
• https://r12a.github.io/scripts/gurmukhi/
• http://www.alanwood.net/unicode/gurmukhi.html

All Documentation Versions

• Punjabi/Gurmukhi Phonetic (ITRANS) 1.0.0