Keyboard Layout

The keyboard layout is described in terms of an IPA chart rather than a keyboard. This is because many base characters are typed as a sequence of a letter followed by one of <, >,  = or | which are characters used to change a base character to another base character. Diacritics are typed as sequences of an appropriate key. Blue denotes non-IPA sanctioned phonetic symbols (they may be used by other traditions such as Americanist, Chinese or Russian).

As described above (and below), the default for this keyboard is to type a letter followed by a "modifier". For example, this sequence "b>" would produce "ɓ". If you wish to use the opposite sequence (>b) that is possible. Use one or the other of these options. Do not turn Before on with Keyman configuration and off with the RALT hotkeys.

  1. Using Keyman Configuration: On Windows, go to Keyman Configuration, select the keyboard, click on Keyboard options and choose Before. You may need to exit Keyman configuration before the default behavior changes. This method will change your default to Before and everytime you switch to this keyboard it will remain using the Before style until you change it back to After style using Keyman configuration.
  2. Using RALT hotkeys: It is also possible to switch from After to Before using the RALT HYPHEN sequence (RALT+-). Switch back to After using the RALT EQUAL sequence (RALT+=). This method will change to Before during just this session of using the keyboard. After you stop using the keyboard it will return to After.

Consonants

In this section, if you turned on Before in Keyboard options, you will type the opposite sequence to what is in the below table. For example, this sequence "b>" would produce "ɓ".

 

Bilabial

Labio-dental

Dental

Alveolar

Post-alveolar

Retroflex

Palatal

Velar

Uvular

Pharyngeal

Glottal

Plosive

p

p

 

 

 

 

t

t

 

 

ʈ

t<

c

c

k

k

q

q

 

 

ʔ

?=

 

b

b

 

 

 

 

d

d

 

 

ɖ

d<

ɟ

j=

ɡ

g<

ɢ

G=

 

 

 

 

Nasal

m

m

ɱ

m>

 

 

n

n

 

 

ɳ

n<

ɲ

n=

ŋ

n>

ɴ

N=

 

 

 

 

Trill

ʙ

B=

 

 

 

 

r

r

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ʀ

R=

 

 

 

 

Tap or Flap

 

 

v<

 

 

ɾ

r>

 

 

ɽ

r<

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Fricative

ɸ

f=

f

f

θ

t=

s

s

ʃ

s=

ʂ

s<

ç

c=

x

x

χ

x=

ħ

h>

h

h

 

β

b=

v

v

ð

d=

z

z

ʒ

z=

ʐ

z<

ʝ

j<

ɣ

g=

ʁ

R>

ʕ

?<

ɦ

h<

Lateral Fricative

 

 

 

 

 

 

ɬ

l=

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ɮ

l>

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Approximant

 

 

ʋ

v=

 

 

ɹ

r=

 

 

ɻ

R<

j

j

ɰ

w>

 

 

 

 

 

 

Lateral Approximant

 

 

 

 

 

 

l

l

 

 

ɭ

l<

ʎ

L<

ʟ

L=

 

 

 

 

 

 

Where symbols appear in pairs, the bottom one represents a voiced consonant. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

Other Consonants

In this section, if you turned on Before in Keyboard options, you will type the opposite sequence to what is in the below table. For example, this sequence "=p" would produce "ʘ".

Clicks

Voiced implosives

ʘ

p=

Bilabial

ɓ

b>

Bilabial

ǀ

!<

Dental

ɗ

d>

Dental/alveolar

ǃ

!

(Post)alveolar

ʄ

j>

Palatal

ǂ

!=

Palatoalveolar

ɠ

g>

Velar

ǁ

!>

Alveolar lateral

ʛ

G>

Uvular

Other Symbols

In this section, if you turned on Before in Keyboard options, you will type the opposite sequence to what is in the below table. For example, this sequence "=w" would produce "ʍ".

ʍ

w=

Vl labial-velar fricative

ɕ

c<

Vl alveolo-palatal fricative

w

w

Vd labial-velar approximant

ʑ

z>

Vd alveolo-palatal fricative

ɥ

y< or h=

Vd labial-palatal approximant

ɺ

L>

Vd alveolar lateral flap

ʜ

H=

Vl epiglottal fricative

ɧ

H>

Simultaneous ʃ and x

ʢ

Q<

Vd epiglottal fricative

 

 

 

ʡ

Q=

Vd epiglottal plosive

 

 

 

Vowels

In this section, if you turned on Before in Keyboard options, you will type the opposite sequence to what is in the below table. For example, this sequence "=I" would produce "ɨ".

 

Front

Central

Back

 

Unrounded

Rounded

Unrounded

Rounded

Unrounded

Rounded

Close

i

i

y

y

ɨ

I=

ʉ

U=

ɯ

u=

u

u

Near-close

ɪ

i=

ʏ

y=

 

 

 

 

 

 

ʊ

u<

Close-mid

e

e

ø

o>

ɘ

E=

ɵ

O=

ɤ

O>

o

o

Mid

 

 

 

 

 

ə

e=

 

 

 

 

 

Open-mid

ɛ

e<

œ

E<

ɜ

e>

ɞ

O<

ʌ

u>

ɔ

o<

Near-open

æ

a<

 

 

 

ɐ

a>

 

 

 

 

 

Open

a

a

ɶ

E>

 

 

 

 

ɑ

a=

ɒ

o=

Suprasegmentals

In this section, if you turned on Before in Keyboard options, you will type the opposite sequence to what is in the below table. For example, this sequence "<." would produce "|".

ˈ

}

Primary stress

ˌ

}}

Secondary stress

eː

:

Long

eˑ

::

Half long

eːː

:::

Extra long

***

Extra short

|

.<

Minor (foot) group

.=

Major (intonation) group

.

.

Syllable break

#=

Linking (absence of a break)

Other (non-IPA) Vowels

In this section, if you turned on Before in Keyboard options, you will type the opposite sequence to what is in the below table. For example, this sequence ">A" would produce "ᴂ".

A>

 

α

a|

open central unrounded vowel

ɩ

i|

near-close near-front unrounded

A|

open central unrounded

I>

 

ɿ

z|

unrounded alveolar apical

I<

lower-high central unrounded

or

high back unrounded

ʅ

Z|

unrounded retroflex apical

U>

high front rounded

ʮ

y|

rounded alveolar apical

ɷ

u|

near-close back rounded

ʯ

Y|

rounded retroflex apical

E|

mid front unrounded

 

 

 

ʚ

e|

open-mid front rounded

 

 

 

Tone and Word accents

In this section the keystrokes are the same whether you turned on Before or not.

Level[1]

Contour[2]

˥

#4

@4

Extra high

˩˥

#04

@13

Rising

˦

#3

@3

High

˥˩

#40

@31

Falling

˧

#2

@2

Mid

˧˥

#24

e᷄

@23

High rising

˨

#1

@1

Low

˨˧

#12

e᷅

@12

Low rising

˩

#0

@0

Extra low

˨˥˨

#141

e᷈

@131

Rising-falling

 

 

#<

Downstep

 

 

e᷆

@21

Low falling

 

 

#>

Upstep

 

 

e᷇

@32

High falling

 

 

!^

Africanist downstep

 

 

e᷉

@313

Falling-rising

 

 

#!

Africanist upstep (raised)

 

 

#>>

Global rise

 

 

##!

Africanist upstep (lowered)

 

 

#<<

Global fall

Superscripts

In this section, if you turned on Before in Keyboard options, you will type the opposite sequence to what is in the below table. For example, this sequence "^3" would produce "³", "^h" would produce "ʰ", and "^=g" would produce "ˠ".

³

3^ (0-9)

superscript number

-^

superscript hyphen

kʰ

h^

Aspirated

tʷ

w^

Labialised

tʲ

j^

Palatalised

lˠ

g=^

Velarised

tˤ

?<^

Pharyngealised

k

n^

Pre/post nasalised

tˡ

l^

Lateral release

ᶮɟ

symbol followed by ^ e.g. n=^

Other superscripts are available[4]

Other (non-IPA) Symbols

In this section, if you turned on Before in Keyboard options, you will type the opposite sequence to what is in the below table. For example, this sequence ">c" would produce "ƈ".

ƈ

c>

vl palatal implosive

ȡ

d|

alveolo-palatal vd plosive

ђ

h|

vd pharyngeal nasal

ƙ

k>

vl velar implosive

ȴ

l|

front-palatal vd lateral approximant

ȵ

n|

front-palatal vd nasal

ƥ

p>

vl bilabial implosive

ʠ

q>

vl uvular implosive

S=

vl retroflex postalveolar fricative

ƭ

t>

vl dental or alveolar implosive

ȶ

t|

front-palatal vl plosive

ʇ

T|

dental click

w<

bilabial flap

Z=

vd retroflex postalveolar fricative

+

+=

 

0=

Empty set

0>

Diacritic “holder”

Diacritics & Suprasegmentals

In this section the keystrokes are the same whether you turned on Before or not.

[[

Light aspiration

[[[

Rhoticity

tʼ

]]

Ejective

]]]

No audible release

bʻ

]]]]

Weak aspiration

$

Syllabic

$$

Non-syllabic

$$$

Creaky voiced

symbol followed by $$$$ e.g. a$$$$

Retroflex hooks[5]

%

Voiceless

%%

Voiced

%%%

Breathy voiced

symbol followed by %%%% e.g. b%%%%

Palatal hooks[6]

ŋ̊

@

Voiceless (diacritics are sometimes placed above a symbol with a descender)

ŋ̍

@@

Syllabic (diacritics are sometimes placed above a symbol with a descender)

{

Dental

{{

Apical

{{{

Laminal

{{{{

Linguolabial

{{{{{

Closer variety / Fricative

~

Nasalised

ɫ

l~~

Velarized or pharyngealized[7]

*

Centralised

**

Mid centralised

***

Extra short

****

Palatalization/Centralization

*****

 

k͡p

#&

Double articulation / affricate[8]

t͜s

@&

Double articulation / affricate[9]

+

Advanced

_

Retracted

++

Raised

__

Lowered

+++

+ATR

___

-ATR

++++

More rounded

____

Less rounded

_____

open vowel

}}}

Fortis

p᷂

}}}}

Lenis

=>

Becomes, is realized as

σ

s>

Syllable

͏

=<

Combining Grapheme Joiner

Appendix: IPA number chart

Green denotes IPA characters unsupported by this keyboard.

Alph sorting key

Glyph

Key-strokes

IPA No.

USV

Symbol Name

IPA Phonetic Description

1.

a

a

304

0061

Lowercase A

open front unrounded vowel

2.

ɐ

a>

324

0250

Turned A

near-open central vowel

3.

ɑ

a=

305

0251

Script A

open back unrounded vowel

4.

ɒ

o=

313

0252

Turned Script A

open back rounded vowel

5.

æ

a<

325

00E6

Ash; Lowercase A-E ligature

near-open front unrounded vowel

6.

A

A

701

0041

Upper-case A

A

7.

b

b

102

0062

Lowercase B

vd bilabial plosive

8.

ɓ

b>

160

0253

Hooktop B

vd bilabial implosive

9.

ʙ

B=

121

0299

Small Capital B

vd bilabial trill

10.

β

b=

127

03B2

Beta

vd bilabial fricative

11.

B

B

702

0042

Upper-case B

B

12.

c

c

107

0063

Lowercase C

vl palatal plosive

13.

ƈ

c>

163

0188

Hooktop C

vl palatal implosive (withdrawn, 1993)

14.

č

 

299

010D

C wedge

vl postalveolar affricate (not IPA usage)

15.

ç

c=

138

00E7

C Cedilla

vl palatal fricative

16.

ɕ

c<

182

0255

Curly-tail C

vl alveolo-palatal fricative

17.

ʗ

 

202

0297

Stretched C

postalveolar click (superceded by 178, 1989)

18.

C

C

624 (=703)

0043

Upper-case C

Creak

19.

C

C

703 (use 624)

0043

Upper-case C

C (Creak)

20.

d

d

104

0064

Lowercase D

vd dental or alveolar plosive

21.

ɗ

d>

162

0257

Hooktop D

vd dental or alveolar implosive

22.

ɖ

d<

106

0256

Right-tail D

vd retroflex plosive

23.

d>$$$$

219

1D91

Hooktop right-tail D

vd retroflex implosive (not explicitly IPA approved)

24.

ʣ

 

212

02A3

D-Z ligature

vd alveolar affricate (superceded by 104 + 133)

25.

ʤ

 

214

02A4

D-Ezh ligature

vd postalveolar affricate (superceded by 104 + 135)

26.

ʥ

 

216

02A5

D-Curly-tail-Z ligature

vd alveolo-palatal affricate (superceded by 104 + 183)

27.

ð

d=

131

00F0

Eth

vd dental fricative

28.

D

D

704

0044

Upper-case D

D

29.

e

e

302

0065

Lowercase E

close-mid front unrounded vowel

30.

e=^

218

1D4A

Superscript schwa

mid central vowel release

31.

ə

e=

322

0259

Schwa

mid central vowel

32.

ɚ

 

327

025A

Right-hook schwa

R-coloured mid central vowel (Equivalent to 322 + 419)

33.

ɘ

E=

397

0258

Reversed E

close-mid central unrounded vowel

34.

ɛ

e<

303

025B

Epsilon

open-mid front unrounded vowel

35.

ʚ

e|

396

029A

Closed epsilon

open-mid central rounded vowel (superceded by 395, 1996)

36.

ɜ

e>

326

025C

Reversed epsilon

open-mid central unrounded vowel

37.

ɞ

O<

395

025E

Closed reversed epsilon

open-mid central rounded vowel

38.

E

E

705

0045

Upper-case E

E

39.

f

f

128

0066

Lowercase F

vl labiodental fricative

40.

ʩ

 

602

02A9

F-Eng ligature

Velopharyngeal fricative

41.

F

F

622 (=706)

0046

Upper-case F

Falsetto

42.

F

F

706 (use 622)

0046

Upper-case F

F (Falsetto)

43.

ɡ

g<

110

0261

Opentail G

vd velar plosive (equivalent to 210)

44.

ɠ

g>

166

0260

Hooktop G

vd velar implosive

45.

g

g

210

0067

Looptail G

vd velar plosive (equivalent to 110)

46.

ɢ

G=

112

0262

Small Capital G

vd uvular plosive

47.

ʛ

G>

168

029B

Hooktop Small Capital G

vd uvular implosive

48.

G

G

707

0047

Upper-case G

G

49.

ɣ

g=

141

0263

Gamma

vd velar fricative

50.

ˠ

g=^

422

02E0

Superscript Gamma

velarized

51.

ɤ

O>

315

0264

Ram's Horns

close-mid back unrounded vowel

52.

h

h

146

0068

Lowercase H

vl glottal fricative

53.

ʰ

h^

404 (=671)

02B0

Superscript H

aspirated

54.

ʰ

h^

671 (use 404)

02B0

Left-sited superscript H

Pre-aspiration

55.

ħ

h>

144

0127

Crossed H

vl pharyngeal fricative

56.

ɦ

h<

147

0266

Hooktop H

vd glottal fricative

57.

ɧ

H>

175

0267

Hooked Heng

simultaneous vl postalveolar and velar fricative

58.

ɥ

y< or h=

171

0265

Turned H

vd labial-palatal approximant

59.

ʜ

H=

173

029C

Small Capital H

vl epiglottal fricative

60.

H

H

708

0048

Upper-case H

H

61.

i

i

301

0069

Lowercase I

close front unrounded vowel

62.

ı

 

394

0131

Undotted I

Not IPA usage

63.

ɨ

I=

317

0268

Barred I

close central unrounded vowel

64.

ɩ

i|

399

0269

Iota

near-close near-front unrounded vowel (superseded by 319, 1989)

65.

ɪ

i=

319

026A

Small Capital I

near-close near-front unrounded vowel

66.

I

I

709

0049

Upper-case I

I

67.

j

j

153

006A

Lowercase J

vd palatal approximant

68.

ʲ

j^

421

02B2

Superscript J

palatalized

69.

ʝ

j<

139

029D

Curly-tail J

vd palatal fricative

70.

ǰ

 

298

01F0

J wedge

vd postalveolar affricate (not IPA usage)

71.

ɟ

j=

108

025F

Barred Dotless J

vd palatal plosive

72.

ʄ

j>

164

0284

Hooktop Barred Dotless J

vd palatal implosive

73.

J

J

626 (=710)

004A

Upper-case J

Jaw

74.

J

J

710 (use 626)

004A

Upper-case J

J (Jaw)

75.

k

k

109

006B

Lowercase K

vl velar plosive

76.

ƙ

k>

165

0199

Hooktop K

vl velar implosive (withdrawn, 1993)

77.

ʞ

 

291

029E

Turned K

Withdrawn, 1979

78.

K

K

711

004B

Upper-case K

K

79.

l

l

155

006C

Lowercase L

vd dental or alveolar lateral approximant

80.

ˡ

l^

426

02E1

Superscript L

lateral release

81.

ɫ

l~~

209

026B

L with tilde

velarized vd dental or alveolar lateral approximant

82.

ɬ

l=

148

026C

Belted L

vl dental or alveolar lateral fricative

83.

ɭ

l<

156

026D

Right-tail L

vd retroflex lateral approximant

84.

ʟ

L=

158

029F

Small Capital L

vd velar lateral approximant

85.

ɮ

l>

149

026E

L-Ezh ligature

vd dental or alveolar lateral fricative

86.

ʪ

 

603

02AA

L-S ligature

Lateralized [s]

87.

ʫ

 

604

02AB

L-Z ligature

Laterialized [z]

88.

λ

 

295

03BB

Lambda

vl dental or alveolar lateral fricative  (Not IPA usage)

89.

ƛ

 

294

019B

Barred lambda

vl dental or alveolar lateral affricate  (Not IPA usage)

90.

L

L

625 (=712)

004C

Upper-case L

Larynx

91.

L

L

712 (use 625)

004C

Upper-case L

L (Larynx)

92.

m

m

114

006D

Lowercase M

vd bilabial nasal

93.

ɱ

m>

115

0271

Left-tail M (at right)

vd labiodental nasal

94.

ɯ

u=

316

026F

Turned M

close back unrounded vowel

95.

ɰ

w>

154

0270

Turned M, Right Leg

vd velar approximant

96.

M

M

713

004D

Upper-case M

M

97.

n

n

116

006E

Lowercase N

vd dental or alveolar nasal

98.

n^

425

207F

Superscript N

nasal release

99.

ƞ

 

293

019E

N, right leg

syllabic nasal (withdrawn, 1976)

100.

ɲ

n=

118

0272

Left-tail N (at left)

vd palatal nasal

101.

ŋ

n>

119

014B

Eng

vd velar nasal

102.

ɳ

n<

117

0273

Right-tail N

vd retroflex nasal

103.

ɴ

N=

120

0274

Small Capital N

vd uvular nasal

104.

N

N

714

004E

Upper-case N

N

105.

o

o

307

006F

Lowercase O

close-mid back rounded vowel

106.

ʘ

p=

176

0298

Bull's Eye

bilabial click

107.

ɵ

O=

323

0275

Barred O

close-mid central rounded vowel

108.

ø

o>

310

00F8

Slashed O

close-mid front rounded vowel

109.

œ

E<

311

0153

Lowercase O-E ligature

open-mid front rounded vowel

110.

ɶ

E>

312

0276

Small Capital O-E ligature

open front rounded vowel

111.

Œ

 

627

0152

Upper-case O-E ligature

Oesophageal speech

112.

ɔ

o<

306

0254

Open O

open-mid back rounded vowel

113.

ɷ

u|

398

0277

Closed omega

near-close near-back rounded vowel (superceded by 321, 1989)

114.

O

O

715

004F

Upper-case O

O

115.

p

p

101

0070

Lowercase P

vl bilabial plosive

116.

ƥ

p>

159

01A5

Hooktop p

vl bilabial implosive (withdrawn, 1993)

117.

P

P

716

0050

Upper-case P

P

118.

ɸ

f=

126

0278

Phi

vl bilabial fricative

119.

q

q

111

0071

Lowercase Q

vl uvular plosive

120.

ʠ

q>

167

02A0

Hooktop q

vl uvular implosive (withdrawn, 1993)

121.

Q

Q

717

0051

Upper-case Q

Q

122.

r

r

122

0072

Lowercase R

vd dental or alveolar trill

123.

ɾ

r>

124

027E

Fish-hook R

vd dental or alveolar tap

124.

ɼ

 

206

027C

Long-leg r

Withdrawn, 1989

125.

ɺ

L>

181

027A

Turned Long-leg R

vd alveolar lateral flap

126.

ɽ

r<

125

027D

Right-tail R

vd retroflex flap

127.

ɹ

r=

151

0279

Turned R

vd dental or alveolar approximant

128.

ɻ

R<

152

027B

Turned R, Right Tail

vd retroflex approximant

129.

ʀ

R=

123

0280

Small Capital R

vd uvular trill

130.

R

R

718

0052

Upper-case R

R

131.

ʁ

R>

143

0281

Inverted Small Capital R

vd uvular fricative

132.

ʶ

R>^

676

02B6

Superscript inverted small capital R

Uvularized

133.

s

s

132

0073

Lowercase S

vl alveolar fricative

134.

ˢ

s^

207

02E2

Superscript S

Withdrawn, 1989

135.

š

 

297

0161

S wedge

vl postalveolar fricative (not IPA usage)

136.

ʂ

s<

136

0282

Right-Tail S (at left)

vl retroflex fricative

137.

S

S

719

0053

Upper-case S

S

138.

ʃ

s=

134

0283

Esh

vl postalveolar fricative

139.

ʆ

 

204

0286

Curly-tail esh

Withdrawn, 1989

140.

t

t

103

0074

Lowercase T

vl dental or alveolar plosive

141.

ƭ

t>

161

01AD

Hooktop T

vl dental or alveolar implosive (withdrawn, 1993)

142.

ƫ

 

208

01AB

Left-hook T

palatalized vl dental or alveolar plosive (withdrawn, 1989)

143.

ʈ

t<

105

0288

Right-tail T

vl retroflex plosive

144.

ʦ

 

211

02A6

T-S ligature

vl dental or alveolar affricate (superceded by 103 + 132)

145.

ʧ

 

213

02A7

T-Esh ligature

vl postalveolar affricate (superceded by 103 + 134)

146.

ʨ

 

215

02A8

T-Curly-tail-C ligature

vl alveolo-palatal affricate (superceded by 103 + 182)

147.

ʇ

T|

201

0287

Turned T

dental click (superceded by 177, 1989)

148.

T

T

720

0054

Upper-case T

T

149.

θ

t=

130

03B8

Theta

vl dental fricative

150.

ᶿ

t=^

217

1DBF

Superscript theta

vl dental fricative release

151.

Θ

 

628

0398

Upper-case Greek Theta

Protruded-tongue voice

152.

u

u

308

0075

Lowercase U

close back rounded vowel

153.

ʉ

U=

318

0289

Barred U

close central rounded vowel

154.

ʊ

u<

321

028A

Upsilon

near-close near-back rounded vowel

155.

U

U

721

0055

Upper-case U

U

156.

v

v

129

0076

Lowercase V

vd labiodental fricative

157.

v<

184

2C71

 

labiodental flap

158.

ʋ

v=

150

028B

Cursive V

vd labiodental approximant

159.

v=^

673

1DB9

Superscript cursive V

Labiodentalized

160.

ʌ

u>

314

028C

Turned V

open-mid back unrounded vowel

161.

V

V

621 (=722)

0056

Upper-case V

Voice

162.

V

V

722 (use 621)

0056

Upper-case V

V (Voice)

163.

w

w

170

0077

Lowercase W

vd labial-velar approximant

164.

ʷ

w^

420

02B7

Superscript W

labialized

165.

ʍ

w=

169

028D

Turned W

vl labial-velar fricative

166.

W

W

623 (=723)

0057

Upper-case W

Whisper

167.

W

W

723 (use 623)

0057

Upper-case W

W (Whisper)

168.

x

x

140

0078

Lowercase X

vl velar fricative

169.

ˣ

x^

292

02E3

Superscript X

vl velar fricative release

170.

χ

x=

142

03C7

Chi

vl uvular fricative

171.

X

X

724

0058

Upper-case X

X

172.

y

y

309

0079

Lowercase Y

close front rounded vowel

173.

ʸ

y^

496

02B8

Superscript Y

high-front rounding / palatalized (not IPA usage)

174.

ʎ

L<

157

028E

Turned Y

vd palatal lateral approximant

175.

ʏ

Y=

320

028F

Small Capital Y

near-close near-front rounded vowel

176.

Y

Y

725

0059

Upper-case Y

Y

177.

z

z

133

007A

Lowercase Z

vd alveolar fricative

178.

ž

 

296

017E

Z wedge

vd postalveolar fricative (not IPA usage)

179.

ʑ

z>

183

0291

Curly-tail Z

vd alveolo-palatal fricative

180.

ʐ

z<

137

0290

Right-tail Z

vd retroflex fricative

181.

ʒ

z=

135

0292

Ezh; Tailed Z

vd postalveolar fricative

182.

ʓ

 

205

0293

Curly-tail ezh

Withdrawn, 1989

183.

Z

Z

726

005A

Upper-case Z

Z

184.

ʔ

?=

113

0294

Glottal Stop

glottal plosive

185.

ʕ

?<

145

0295

Reversed Glottal Stop

vd pharyngeal fricative or approximant

186.

ʡ

Q=

172

02A1

Barred Glottal Stop

epiglottal plosive

187.

ʢ

Q<

174

02A2

Barred Reversed Glottal Stop

vd epiglottal fricative or approximant

188.

ǀ

!<

177

01C0

Pipe

dental click

189.

ǃ

!

178

01C3

Exclamation Point

(post)alveolar click

190.

ǂ

!=

179

01C2

Double-barred Pipe

palatoalveolar click

191.

!>

180

01C1

Double Vertical Line

alveolar lateral click

192.

ʖ

 

203

0296

Inverted glottal stop

alveolar lateral click (superceded by 180, 1989)

193.

ƻ

 

290

01BB

Barred two

Withdrawn, 1976

194.

ʼ

]]

401

02BC

Apostrophe

ejective

195.

◌̥

%

402a

0325

Under-ring

voiceless

196.

◌̊

@

402b

030A

Over-ring

voiceless (use if character has descender)

197.

◌̬

%%

403 (=663, 664)

032C

Subscript Wedge

voiced

198.

◌̤

%%%

405

0324

Subscript Umlaut

breathy voiced

199.

̰

$$$

406

0330

Subscript Tilde

creaky voiced

200.

̼

{{{{

407

033C

Subscript Seagull

linguolabial

201.

̪

{

408

032A

Subscript Bridge

dental

202.

◌̺

{{

409

033A

Inverted Subscript Bridge

apical

203.

̻

{{{

410

033B

Subscript Square

laminal

204.

̹

++++

411

0339

Subscript Right Half-ring

more rounded

205.

̜

____

412

031C

Subscript Left Half-ring

less rounded

206.

◌̟

+

413

031F

Subscript Plus

advanced

207.

̠

_

414

0320

Under-bar

retracted

208.

̈

*

415

0308

Umlaut

centralized

209.

̽

**

416

033D

Over-cross

mid-centralized

210.

̘

+++

417

0318

Advancing Sign

advanced tongue root

211.

◌̙

___

418

0319

Retracting Sign

retracted tongue root

212.

◌˞

[[[

419

02DE

Right Hook

rhoticity

213.

ˤ

?<^

423

02E4

Superscript reversed glottal stop

pharyngealized

214.

̃

~

424

0303

Superscript Tilde

nasalized

215.

◌̚

]]]

427

031A

Corner

no audible release

216.

◌̴

 

428

0334

Superimposed tilde

Velarized or pharyngealized (use precomposed characters)

217.

◌̝

++

429

031D

Raising Sign

raised

218.

◌̞

__

430

031E

Lowering Sign

lowered

219.

̩

$

431

0329

Syllabicity Mark

syllabic

220.

̯

$$

432

032F

Subscript Arch

non-syllabic

221.

 ͡

#&

433

0361

Top Tie Bar

affricate or double articulation

222.

͜

@&

433

035C

Bottom Tie Bar

affricate or double articulation

223.

◌̢

 

489

0322

Subscript right hook

Rhoticity (Superseded by 419, 1989)

224.

˹

 

490

?

Open corner

Release / burst (not IPA usage)

225.

,

,

491

002C

Comma

pause (not IPA usage)

226.

ʻ

]]]]

492

02BB

Reversed apostrophe

weak aspiration (withdrawn, 1979)

227.

◌̇

****

493

0307

Over-dot

palatalization/centralization (withdrawn,1979)

228.

˗

 

494

02D7

Minus sign

retracted variety (backed) (use 414 or 418, 1989)

229.

˖

 

495

02D6

Plus sign

advanced variety (fronted) (use 413 or 417, 1989)

230.

◌̣

{{{{{

497

0323

Under-dot

closer variety / fricative (use 429, 1989)

231.

◌̡

 

498

0321

Subscript left hook

palatalized (superseded by 421, 1989)

232.

◌̫

 

499

032B

Subscript W

labialized (superseded by 420, 1989)

233.

ˈ

}

501

02C8

Vertical Stroke (Superior)

primary stress

234.

ˌ

}}

502

02CC

Vertical Stroke (Inferior)

secondary stress

235.

ː

:

503

02D0

Length Mark

length mark

236.

ˑ

::

504

02D1

Half-length Mark

half-length

237.

̆

***

505

0306

Breve

extra-short

238.

.

.

506 (631, 632, 633)

002E

Period

syllable break

239.

|

.<

507

007C

Vertical Line

minor (foot) group

240.

.=

508

2016

Double vertical line (thick)

major (intonation) group

241.

 

#=

509

203F

Bottom Tie Bar

linking (absence of a break)

242.

#>>

510

2197

Upward Diagonal Arrow

global rise

243.

#<<

511

2198

Downward Diagonal Arrow

global fall

244.

◌̋

@4

512

030B

Double Acute Accent (over)

extra high level

245.

́

@3

513

0301

Acute Accent (over)

high level

246.

̄

@2

514

0304

Macron

mid level

247.

̀

@1

515

0300

Grave Accent (over)

low level

248.

̏

@0

516

030F

Double Grave Accent (over)

extra low level

249.

#<

517

A71C

Down Arrow

downstep

250.

#>

518

A71B

Up Arrow

upstep

251.

˥

#4

519

02E5

Extra-high Tone Bar

extra high level

252.

˦

#3

520

02E6

High Tone Bar

high level

253.

˧

#2

521

02E7

Mid Tone Bar

mid level

254.

˨

#1

522

02E8

Low Tone Bar

low level

255.

˩

#0

523

02E9

Extra-low Tone Bar

extra low level

256.

◌̌

@13

524

030C

Wedge

rising contour

257.

◌̂

@31

525

0302

Circumflex

falling contour

258.

◌᷄

@23

526

1DC4

Macron plus acute accent

high rising contour

259.

◌᷅

@12

527

1DC5

Grave accent plus macron

low rising contour

260.

◌᷈

@131

528

1DC8

Grave plus acute plus grave accent

rising-falling contour

261.

˩˥

#04

529

02E9 02E5

Rising tone letter

rising contour

262.

˥˩

#40

530

02E5 02E9

Falling tone letter

falling contour

263.

˧˥

#24

531

02E7 02E5

High-rising tone letter

high rising contour

264.

˩˧

#12

532

02E9 02E7

Low-rising tone letter

low rising contour

265.

˨˥˨

#141

533

02E8 02E5 02E8

Rising-falling tone letter

rising-falling contour

266.

◌̑

 

595

0311

Superscript arch

long falling tone / advanced / palatal (not IPA usage)

267.

ˇ

 

596

02C7

Wedge; háček

falling-rising tone (usage redefined,1989. See 524)

268.

ˆ

 

597

02C6

Circumflex

rising-falling tone (usage redefined, 1989. See 525)

269.

◌̖

 

598

0316 / 02CE

Subscript grave accent

low falling tone (superseded (1989)

270.

◌̗

 

599

0317 /  02CF

Subscript acute accent

low rising tone (superseded, 1989)

271.

ʭ

 

601

02AD

Double bridge

Bidental percussive

272.

 

611

274D

Balloon

Unidentified segment(s)

273.

*

 

612

002A

Asterisk

Placeholder symbol

274.

(.)

 

631 (use 506)

002E

Bracketed single period

Short pause

275.

(..)

 

632 (use 506)

002E 002E

Bracketed double period

Medium-length pause

276.

(...)

 

633 (use 506)

002E 002E 002E

Bracketed triple period

Long pause

277.

 

 

634

1D191

Forte

Loud speech

278.

 

 

635

 

Fortissimo

Louder speech

279.

 

 

636

 

Piano

Quiet speech

280.

 

 

637

1D18F

Pianissimo

Quieter speech

281.

 

 

638

 

Allegro

Fast speech

282.

 

 

639

 

Lento

Slow speech

283.

1

1

640

0031

Numeral one

Slight degree

284.

2

2

641

0032

Numeral two

Moderate degree

285.

3

3

642

0033

Numeral three

Extreme degree

286.

◌͆

 

651

0346

Superscript bridge

Dentolabial

287.

◌͍

 

652

034D

Subscript double arrow

Labial spreading

288.

◌̪͆

 

653

032A 0346

Superscript+subscript bridge

Bidental articulation

289.

◌͊

 

654

034A

Superscript slashed tilde

Denasal

290.

◌͋

 

655

034B

Superscript dotted tilde

Nasal escape

291.

◌͌

 

656

034C

Superscript double tilde

Velopharyngeal friction

292.

◌͈

 

657

0348

Subscript double syllabicity mark

Stronger articulation

293.

◌͉

 

658

0349

Subscript corner

Weaker articulation

294.

\

 

659

005C

Backslash

Reiterated articulation

295.

◌͎

 

660

034E

Subscript upward arrow-head

Whistled articulation

296.

 

661

2193

Down full arrow

Ingressive air flow

297.

 

662

2191

Up full arrow

Egressive air flow

298.

ˬ

 

663 (use 403)

02EC

Left-sited subscript wedge

Pre-voicing

299.

ˬ

 

664 (=403)

02EC

Right-sited subscript wedge

Post-voicing

300.

 

 

665

 

Bracketed subscript wedge

Partial voicing

301.

 

 

666

 

Left-bracketed subscript wedge

Initial partial voicing

302.

 

 

667

 

Right-bracketed subscript wedge

Final partial voicing

303.

 

 

668

 

Bracketed under-ring

Partial devoicing

304.

 

 

669

 

Left-bracketed under-ring

Initial partial devoicing

305.

 

 

670

 

Right-bracketed under-ring

Final partial devoicing

306.

ǃǃ

 

672

01C3 01C3

Right-sited double exclamation point

Ventricular

307.

◌͢◌

 

674

0362

Subscript right arrow

Slurred articulation

308.

◌͇

 

675

0347

Subscript equals sign

Alveolarized

309.

 

 

677

 

Superscript double-barred H

Faucalized

310.

 

 

678

 

Superscript O-E ligature

Labialized: Open-rounded

311.

ǃ

 

679

01C3

Right-sited exclamation point

Harsh

312.

◌̿

 

680

033F

Superscript equals sign

Unaspirated

313.

◌͔

 

681

0354

Subscript left pointer

Laterally offset to the right

314.

◌͕

 

682

0355

Subscript right pointer

Laterally offset to the left

315.

◌̰

 

683 (=406)

0330

Right-sited subscript tilde

Creaky

316.

[

[

901

005B

Left Square Bracket

begin phonetic transcription

317.

]

]

902

005D

Right Square Bracket

end phonetic transcription

318.

/

/

903

002F

Forward Slash

begin/end phonemic transcription

319.

(

(

906

0028

Left parenthesis

indistinguishable utterance (begin)

320.

)

)

907

0029

Right parenthesis

indistinguishable utterance (end)

321.

((

((

908

0028 0028

Left double parenthesis

Sound obscured (begin)

322.

))

))

909

0029 0029

Right double parenthesis

Sound obscured (end)

323.

{

 

910

007B

Left brace

Begin prosodic notation

324.

}

 

911

007D

Right brace

End prosodic notation

 


[1] Use “& for Left-stem level tones, e.g. “&0” becomes A712 (꜒).

[2] Glides to and from any level (e.g. “#32” becomes ˦˧) and any sequence of any two glides (e.g. “#314” becomes ˦˨˥).

[3] These require the use of Charis SIL (http://scripts.sil.org/CharisSIL) or Charis SIL (http://scripts.sil.org/CharisSIL) version 4.1 or greater. They will turn into contours if used in Graphite applications.

[4] The following characters can be superscripted: 0123456789 + - = ( ) ʕ ʔ b β c ɕ d ð f ɸ g ɡ ɣ h ɦ j ɟ ʝ k l ɭ ʟ m ɱ n ɲ ɳ ŋ ɴ p r ɹ ɻ ʁ s ʂ ʃ t θ v ʋ w ɰ x ɥ z ʑ ʐ ʒ a ɐ ᴂ ɑ e ə ɜ ɛ i ɪ ɨ o ɒ ɔ ɵ ʌ u ɯ ʊ ʉ y

[5] Retroflex hooks may be added to: a ɑ ɗ e ɛ ɜ ə i ɔ ʃ u ʒ (ᶏ ᶐ ᶑ ᶒ ᶓ ᶔ ᶕ ᶖ ᶗ ᶘ ᶙ  ᶚ)

[6] Palatal hooks may be added to: b d f ɡ k l m n p r s ʃ v x z (ᶀ ᶁ ᶂ ᶃ ᶄ ᶅ ᶆ ᶇ ᶈ ᶉ ᶊ ᶋ ᶌ ᶍ ᶎ)

[7] Available for ᵬ, ᵭ, ᵮ, ɫ, ᵯ, ᵰ, ᵱ, ᵲ, ᵳ, ᵴ, ᵵ and ᵶ.

[8] Typed between the characters. Thus k#&p.

[9] Typed between the characters. Thus t@&s.